[Chù 1]
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[註1] |
Lán Tâi-gí bûn-jī ū nn̄g ê thoân-thóng. Chi̍t ê sī Hàn-jī, Chi̍t ê sī sú-iōng Ló-má jī-bó ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī. Chit nn̄g ê thoân-thóng su-siá-hoat lóng ū keng-kòe chi̍t tōaⁿ sî-kan ê ián-piàn, chiah kòe kiâm-chúi, lâi Tâi-oân. Lâi Tâi-oân liáu-āu, Hàn-jī koh keng-kòe Tâi-oân-hòa, pún-lâi kàu-hōe sú-iōng ê Lô-má-jī mā keng-kòe sè-sio̍k-hòa. Hàn-jī thoân-thóng ê choân Hàn-jī-bûn kap Lô-má-jī thoân-thóng ê choân Lô-má-jī-bûn jī-chhiáⁿ kiat-ha̍p chò Hàn-lô ha̍p-iōng-bûn, chiâⁿ-chò tē saⁿ chióng su-siá Tâi-gí ê soán-hāng.
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咱台語文字有兩個傳統。一個是漢字,一個是使用羅馬字母ê白話字。這兩個傳統書寫法攏有經過一段時間ê演變,才過鹹水,來台灣。來台灣了後,漢字koh經過台灣化,本來教會使用ê羅馬字mā經過世俗化。漢字傳統ê全漢字文kap羅馬字傳統ê全羅馬字文而且結合做漢羅合用文,成做第三種書寫台語ê選項。 |
Hàn-jī ê thoân-thóng sī chioh-iōng Tiong-kok pak-hong ê Hàn-jī koh ka ka-tī chhòng-chō ê kāng hêng-sek ê jī. I tī chin chá tō hêng-sêng, khí-thâu liû-hêng tī “Pak-bân-lâm-gí” tē-khu (pau-koat Tiong-kok Choân-chiu, Chiang-chiu, Tiô-chiu, bô pau-koat “Lâm-bân-lâm-gí” tē-khu ê Lûi-chiu, Khêng-chiu). I lâu lo̍h-lâi ê bûn-hiàn, siōng kó͘-chá ê sī 1566 nî chhut-pán ê “Nāi-kiàⁿ-kì” (chú-iàu sī Tiô-chiu-khiuⁿ, ū lām Choân-chiu-khiuⁿ). Chiàu hì-bûn ê sêng-se̍k-tō͘ khòaⁿ, Bân-lâm bûn-jī ê khai-sí hoat-tián koh khah chá.
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漢字ê傳統是借用中國北方ê漢字koh加家己創造ê仝形式ê字。伊tī真早就形成,起頭流行tī「北閩南語」地區(包括中國泉州、漳州、潮州,無包括「南閩南語」地區ê雷州、瓊州)。伊留落來ê文獻,上古早ê是1566年出版ê《荔鏡記》(主要是潮州腔,有濫泉州腔)。照戲文ê成熟度看,閩南文字ê開始發展iáu koh較早。 |
“Pak-bân-lâm-gí Hok-kiàn-ōe (bô pau-koat Tiô-chiu-ōe)” Lô-má-jī ê bûn-hiàn ū nn̄g ê tōa goân-lâu, lóng sī ùi Lâm-iûⁿ khai-sí--ê. Kî-tiong chi̍t ê só͘ lâu lo̍h-lâi siōng chá ê bûn-hiàn sī 1587 nî í-āu kàu 17 sè-kí-chho͘ tī Ma-ní-lah ê Thian-chú-kàu Ki-tok kàu-gī & thoân-kàu-sū ê Hok-kiàn-ōe sû-lūi, gí-hoat chhiú-kó. Chiah-ê khah chá-kî ê bûn-hiàn, kap lán chit-má ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī èng-kai bô koan-hē.
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「北閩南語福建話(無包括潮州話)」羅馬字ê文獻有兩個大源流,攏是ùi南洋開始--ê。其中一個所留落來上早ê文獻是1587年以後到十七世紀初tī Ma-ní-lah ê天主教基督教義&傳教士ê福建話詞彙、語法手稿。Chiah-ê較早期ê文獻,kap咱chit-má ê白話字應該無關係。 |
Koan-î Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê khí-tì, kóng-hoat ū tn̂g-té. Chi̍t pō͘-hūn ê lâng jīn-tēng Mé-lu-su̍t (Walter Henry Medhurst) ê “Hok-kiàn Hong-giân Jī-tián” (A Dictionary of Hok-ken Dialect of the Chinese Langoage, Accordeng to the Readeng and Colloquial Idioms, 1832 tī Mâ-la̍k-kah oân-sêng, tī Ò-mn̂g chhut-pán) sī siōng chá ê bûn-hiàn. Tâi-oân Tiúⁿ-ló-hōe thoân-soat kóng Táⁿ-má-jī (J.V.N. Talmage) sī Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Khó-chha̍t i ê lí-iû, èng-kai sī in-ūi Mé-lu-su̍t iōng ê goân-im hû-hō kap hiān-chāi ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī chha siuⁿ hn̄g, kî-tiong ū ê siōng-chhiáⁿ kin-kì Eng-bûn ê si̍p-koàn (chhiūⁿ “bí” siá chò “bé”). Nā kàu Táⁿ-má-jī, i chin chá tō teh thui-sak Pe̍h-ōe-jī, chhut kúi-ā pún chheh, éng-hióng chin tōa. I tī 1852 nî chhut chi̍t pún kàu-châi. I hoan-ek ê Eng-kok 17 sè-kí siáu-soat “Thian-lō͘ Le̍k-thêng” tī 1853 nî chhut-pán. Kap i kāng sî-chūn iáu ū chi̍t ūi Lô-chhì (Eli̍hu Doty), mā tī 1853 nî chhut chi̍t pún kàu-châi. In nn̄g lâng ê hē-thóng chha-put-to oân-choân kāng-khoán, jî-chhiáⁿ bô chhiong-tu̍t. Só͘-í lán ē-tàng toàn-tēng tī 1852 nî í-chêng Pe̍h-ōe-jī í-keng chha-put-to oân-choân tēng-hêng ā.
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關於白話字ê起致,講法有長短。一部份ê人認定Mé-lu-su̍t (Walter Henry Medhurst, 中譯「麥都斯」) ê《福建方言字典》(A Dictionary of Hok-ken Dialect of the Chinese Langoage, Accordeng to the Readeng and Colloquial Idioms, 1832 tī麻六甲[Mâ-la̍k-kah]完成, tī澳門出版)是上早ê文獻。台灣長老會傳說講打馬字(J.V.N. Talmage)是白話字ê創始人。考察伊ê理由,應該是因為Mé-lu-su̍t用ê元音符號kap現在ê白話字差siuⁿ遠,其中有ê尚且根據英文ê習慣(像「米」寫做“bé”)。若到打馬字,伊真早就teh推sak白話字,出幾ā本冊,影響真大。伊tī 1852年出一本教材。伊翻譯ê英國十七世紀小說《天路歷程》tī 1853年出版。Kap伊仝時chūn iáu有一位羅啻[Lô-chhì] (Eli̍hu Doty),mā tī 1853年出一本教材。In兩人ê系統差不多完全仝款,而且無衝突。所以咱會當斷定tī 1852年以前白話字已經差不多完全定形矣。 |
Lán kóng Mé-lu-su̍t sī Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê chhòng-sí-jîn, in-ūi Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō chū hit-chūn í-keng kò͘-tēng, sàng-khì (thó͘-khùi) ê hû-hō tû-khì ke chi̍t ê ’ (chhiūⁿ “chhâ” siá chò “”), phīⁿ-im hû-hō tû-khì ū nn̄g khoán siá-hoat jî-chhiáⁿ ūi-tì ū piàn-hòa (chhiūⁿ “chiúⁿ” siá chò “”, “chiàⁿ” siá chò “”), kî-thaⁿ--ê mā lóng í-keng kò͘-tēng. Kan-na goân-im hû-hō chha khah tōa-bé. Mé-lu-su̍t chá-chá tī 1820 nî tō ū chhut-pán chi̍t pún sû-lūi (í-keng sit-thaon5), iah ùi pian-choàn kàu chhut-chheh lóng mā ài chi̍t tōaⁿ sî-kan, só͘-í lán chhìn-chhái mā ē-tàng kā Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê khai-ki sak kàu 180 nî chêng í-siōng. Kàu-hōe kóng Táⁿ-má-jī sī Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê chhòng-sí-jîn, in-ūi i ê hē-thóng kap Tâi-oân ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī oân-choân kāng-khoán. Iā in-ūi án-ne, mā ū lâng kóng Peh7-ōe-jī ū 150 nî ê le̍k-sú.
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咱講Mé-lu-su̍t是白話字ê創始人,因為白話字ê聲調符號自hit-chūn已經固定,送氣(吐氣) ê符號除去加一個 ’ (像「柴」寫做“”),鼻音符號除去有兩款寫法而且位置有變化(像「蔣」寫做“”,「正」寫做“”),其他--ê mā攏已經固定。Kan-na元音符號差較大碼。Mé-lu-su̍t早早tī 1820年就有出版一本詞彙(已經失傳),iah ùi編纂到出冊總mā愛一段時間,所以咱秤彩mā會tàng kā白話字ê開基sak到180年前以上。教會講打馬字是白話字ê創始人,因為伊ê系統kap台灣ê白話字完全仝款。也因為án-ne,mā有人講白話字有150年ê歷史。 |
Ē-bīn chò chi̍t ê pió (1996 chè-chok, 2001 siu-tèng), kā Tâi-oân ê bûn-jī ê thoân-thóng ê ián-hòa kán-tan piáu-sī.
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下面做一個表(1996製作, 2001修訂),kā台灣ê文字ê傳統ê演化簡單表示。 |
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Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê thoân-thóng khó-lêng tio̍h-ài kap Oa̍t-lâm ê “Kok-gí-jī” (kî-si̍t Oa̍t-lâm-lâng kan-na kiò chò “” ‘kok-gí’) chò-hóe khòaⁿ. Pe̍h-ōe-jī & “Kok-gí-jī” chit nn̄g chióng bûn-jī ê goân-im hû-hō, hú-im hû-hō ê im-chit chha-put-to oân-choân sio-kâng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê goân-im o͘ Tō͘ Ka-tek siá chò “”, mā kap “Kok-gí-jī” ê “” chin óa-ì, siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō koh ū chi̍t-kóa kāng-hêng koh kāng-im. Lán nā pí-kàu thoân-thóng ê Kheh-gí Lô-má-jī, mā ē hoat-kiàn ta̍k-ê kāng-khoán ê só͘-chāi. Iā tō-sī kóng ta̍k-ê kāng hē-thóng. Chit ê hē-thóng ê hêng-sêng, chi̍t pō͘-hūn sī in-ūi sio khoaⁿ iūⁿ, chi̍t pō͘-hūn sī iû gí-giân ê te̍k-teng koat-teng ê. Iû-kî sī Tâi-gí & Oa̍t-lâm-ōe m̄-nā lóng sī lī-iōng siaⁿ-tiāu ê gí-giân, jî-chhiáⁿ pì-that-im ([-continoent, -nasal]) siaⁿ-bó pun chò saⁿ thò: siaⁿ-tòa ū chùn, siaⁿ-tòa bô chùn kiam bô sàng-khì, siaⁿ-tòa bô chùn kiam ū sàng-khì (chhiūⁿ Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê “b, p, ph”). Pun saⁿ thò pì-that-im ê chêng-hêng tī sè-kài ê gí-giân lāi-té pēng bô chē, tān-sī nā-sī tú tio̍h chit chióng gí-giân, bûn-jī siōng ê chhú-lí chha-put-to lóng kāng-khoán, tō-sī siá chò b, p, ph téng-téng.
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白話字ê傳統可能著愛kap越南ê「國語字」(其實越南人kan-na叫做“”「國語」)做伙看。白話字&「國語字」這兩種文字ê元音符號、輔音符號ê音值差不多完全相仝,白話字ê元音o͘杜嘉德寫做“”,mā kap「國語字」ê “”真óa意,聲調符號koh有一寡仝形koh仝音。咱若比較傳統ê客語羅馬字,mā會發見大家仝款ê所在。也就是講大家仝系統。這個系統ê形成,一部份是因為相看樣,一部份是由語言ê特徵決定ê。尤其是台語&越南話m̄-nā攏是利用聲調ê語言,而且閉塞音([-continoent, -nasal])聲母分做三套:聲帶有顫、聲帶無顫兼無送氣、聲帶無顫兼有送氣(像白話字ê “b, p, ph”)。分三套閉塞音ê情形tī世界ê語言內底並無chē,但是若是tú著這種語言,文字上ê處理差不多攏仝款,就是寫做b, p, ph等等。 |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê bûn-hiàn kòe-khì chin chē. Tī chong-kàu hong-bīn siōng tiōng-iàu--ê sī “Sin Ku-iok Sèng-keng”, “Sèng-si”, “Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò”. “Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò” tī 1885 nî chhòng-khan, goân-lâi kiò chò “Tâi-oân Hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò”, sī A-chiu siōng chá ê bîn-êng pò-chóa. 1942 nî in-ūi Thài-pêng-iûⁿ chiàn-cheng hông kiông-pek thêng-khan, chiàn-āu ho̍k-khan, tān-sī siū Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-bîn-tóng chèng-hú ap-pek, kui-bóe kàu 1970 nî soah hông bēng-lēng choân-bīn kái chò Tiong-bûn hoat-hêng. Chéng-thé kóng, chit ê chèng-hú chá-chá tī 1955 nî tō khai-sí kan-sia̍p Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê sú-iōng, tī 1984 nî oân-choân kìm-chí Lô-má-jī; kái-giâm (1987) í-āu, sui-jiân bô koh kìm-chí, tān-sī Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ iáu-sī bat sú-iōng chióng-chióng ê hong-hoat lâi ap-chè Pe̍h-ōe-jī. Ē-bīn sī chi̍t pō͘-hūn ê pek-hāi-sú:
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白話字ê文獻過去真chē。Tī宗教方面上重要--ê是《新舊約聖經》、《聖詩》、《台灣教會公報》。《台灣教會公報》tī 1885年創刊,原來叫做《台灣府城教會報》,是亞洲上早ê民營報紙。1942年因為太平洋戰爭hông強迫停刊,戰後復刊,但是受中華民國國民黨政府壓迫,歸尾到1970年煞hông命令全面改做中文發行。整體講,這個政府早早tī 1955年就開始干涉白話字ê使用,tī 1984年完全禁止羅馬字;解嚴(1987)以後,雖然無koh禁止,但是教育部iáu是bat使用種種ê方法來壓制白話字。下面是一部份ê迫害史: |
1942 In-ūi Thài-pêng-iûⁿ chian-cheng, Chóng-tok-hú kiông-pek “Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò” (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) thêng-khan.
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1942 因為太平洋戰爭,總督府強迫《台灣教會公報》(白話字)停刊。 |
1955 Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chèng-hú Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ hâm séng-chèng-hú hān-chè kàu-hōe sú-iōng Pe̍h-ōe-jī, kìm-chí Pe̍h-ōe-jī thoân-kàu.
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1955 中華民國政府教育部函省政府限制教會使用白話字,禁止用白話字傳教。 |
1957.10.9 Kàu-io̍k-thiaⁿ thong-lēng kok koān-chhī chhú-tè Pe̍h-ōe-jī Sèng-keng, put-chún iōng Tâi-oân pún-thó͘ gí-giân thoân-kàu.
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1957.10.9 教育廳通令各縣市取締白話字聖經,不准用台灣本土語言傳教。 |
1958.2.15 Kàu-io̍k-thiaⁿ hâm kok koān-chhī chèng-hú chiām-sî ín-chún Pe̍h-ōe-jī sú-iōng saⁿ nî.
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1958.2.15 教育廳函各縣市政府暫時允准白話字使用三年。 |
1959.3.3 Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ koat-tēng chiām-sî ín-chún sú-iōng Pe̍h-ōe-jī Sèng-keng, tān-sī hi-bāng iōng “phiau-chún kok-gí Sèng-keng” lâi chhú-tāi.
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1959.3.3 教育部決定暫時允准使用白話字聖經,但是希望用“標準國語聖經”來取代。 |
1970.1 Kiông-pek “Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò” choan-bīn sú-iōng Tiong-bûn.
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1970.1 強迫《台灣教會公報》全面使用中文。 |
1973 Bo̍k-siu siau Tâi-oân ê Embree ê Bân-lâm-gí sû-tián (1973, Hiong-káng chhut-pán).
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1973 沒收銷台灣的Embree ê閩南語詞典(1973, 香港出版)。 |
1975 Kèng-pī Chóng-pō͘ bo̍k-siu sin ek ê Tâi-gí Sèng-keng & Tayal gí Sèng-keng.
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1975 警備總部沒收新譯的台語聖經&泰雅語聖經。 |
1978 He̍k-chún Kèng-keng Kong-hōe sin-chhéng Tiong Tâi tùi-chiàu ê Sèng-keng 5000 pún.
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1978 核准聖經公會申請中台對照ê聖經5000本。 |
1984.10.20 Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ hâm chhiáⁿ Lōe-chèng-pō͘ chè-chí kàu-hōe sú-iōng “hong-giân” & Lô-má pheng-im thoân-kàu.
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1984.10.20 教育部函請內政部制止教會使用「方言」&羅馬拼音傳教。 |
1997 Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ hong-sat Tâi-oân phiau-chún chhó-àn kang-chok sió-cho͘ hiòng ISO (Kok-chè Phiau-chún Cho͘-chit) sin-chhéng teng-kì Tâi-gí Pe̍h-ōe-jī & kî-thaⁿ Tâi-oân cho̍k-gí bûn-jī ê te̍k-sû hû-hō.
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1997 教育部封殺台灣標準草案工作小組向ISO(國際標準組織)申請登記台語白話字&其他台灣族語文字的特殊符號。 |
1998 Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ kong-pò͘ koaⁿ-pán ê TLPA, piau-póng ū hiòng “Sè-kài Phiau-chún-kio̍k” (chí ISO) teng-kì. (Kî-si̍t TLPA bô jīn-hô hû-hō su-iàu teng-kì.)
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1998 教育部公布官版的TLPA,標榜有向「世界標準局」(指ISO)登記。(其實TLPA無任何符號須要登記。) |
Chiah-ê chióng-chióng ê tōng-chok tì-kàu Pe̍h-ōe-jī tī kàu-hōe m̄-nā sit-thoân, koh sit-khì hoe-ho̍k ê khó-lêng-sèng. Kái-giâm í-āu it-ti̍t kàu taⁿ, m̄-nā “Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò” bô hoat-tō͘ hoe-ho̍k iōng Tâi-gí, bô hoat-tō͘ hoe-ho̍k iōng Pe̍h-ōe-jī, liân kàu-hōe iōng ê Sèng-keng, Sèng-si, khé-èng-bûn téng-téng mā piàn chò chhiong-boán bûn-jī hùn iōng ê choân Hàn-jī-bûn, chham bat Hàn-jī ê lâng to bē-hiáu tha̍k.
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Chiah-ê種種ê動作致到白話字tī教會m̄-nā失傳,koh失去恢復ê可能性。解嚴以後一直到taⁿ,m̄-nā《台灣教會公報》無法度恢復用台語、無法度恢復用白話字,連教會用的聖經、聖詩、啟應文等等mā變做充滿文字訓用的全漢字文,摻bat漢字ê人都bē曉讀。 |
Tī sè-sio̍k hong-bīn, Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê bûn-hiàn ùi bûn-ha̍k kàu i-ha̍k lóng ū, tān-sī siōng tiōng-iàu ê bûn-hiàn lóng sī jī-tián & sû-tián, Í Hok-kiàn-ōe ûi chú-thé ê it-poaⁿ iōng-jī sû-tián (iā tō-sī bô pau-koat Eng Ē, Eng Tâi sû-tián), siōng kàu siū gí-giân ha̍k-ka thui-chun ê sī Tō͘-ka-tek ê Ē Eng Sû-tián (Carstairs Do͘glas, 1873/1899). Liû-thong siōng khoah--ê sī “Kam Jī-tián” (William Campbell “Ē-mn̂g-im Sin Jī-tián”, 1913). “Kam Jī-tián” lāi-bīn kî-kî-koài-koài ê Hàn-jī mā chhōa ē tio̍h tha̍k-im, jî-chhiáⁿ sè-pún, hui-siông hong-piān. Lēng-gōa chi̍t pún chhâ Hàn-jī tha̍k-im ê sió jī-tián sī “Lân-kì Tâi-gí Jī-tián” (Chiam Tek-kheng, 1946, 1995). Embree (1973) ê Tâi Eng Sû-tián sī tē it pún iōng gí-giân-ha̍k ê koan-tiám pian ê Tâi-gí sû-tián, put-hēng hit tong-sî hông kìm-chí tòa Tâi-oân chhut-pán & hêng-siau, só͘-í it-poaⁿ lâng khòaⁿ bē tio̍h. Chit pún sû-tián tī gí-hoat hun-lūi hong-bīn hā chin tōa ê kang-hu, koh ū kì-chài chi̍t-kóa gí-sû ê tah-phòe. I lēng-gōa chi̍t ê te̍k-tiám tō-sī ū siu chin chē ê tōng-si̍t-bu̍t ê miâ-chheng, tān-sī iā in-ūi tong-si̍t-bu̍t ê miâ-chheng ê pí-lē lio̍h-lio̍h-á siuⁿ koân, tì-kàu chit pún sû-tián ê lōe-iông lio̍h-lio̍h-á sit-khì bá-lān-sì [balence]. Chhun-siōng Ka-eng ê (Tâi Ji̍t) “Hiān-tāi Bân-lâm-gí Sû-tián” (Murakami, 1983) sī chi̍t pún hó iōng ê sió sû-tián, ta̍k-ê sû-tiâu mā lóng ū chù-bêng gí-hoat ê lūi-pia̍t, siu-chi̍p ê gí-sû pí-kàu khah ū bá-lān-sì. Tân Siu ê “Tâi-oân-ōe Tōa Sū-tián” (1991, 2002) sui-jiân bô oân-chéng, tān-sī i ê chhut-pán nî-tāi chin kīn, chhut-pán tē-tiám tī lán Tâi-oân, chin khoài bé tio̍h, sī bo̍k-chiân siōng chhut-miâ ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī sû-tián, tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē sán-seng it-tēng ê éng-hióng-la̍t. Koh ū chi̍t pún Tâi-tiong Má-lī-lo̍k gí-giân tiong-sim ê sin-pán ê “Tâi-gí Eng-gí Jī-tián” (2002), sû-lūi hong-hù, tān-sī ū chi̍t ê siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō phian-lî Pe̍h-ōe-jī, bián-kióng ē-sái-tit sǹg sī Pe̍h-ōe-jī sû-tián. Tī gí-bûn ê thoân-sêng siōng, jī-tián, sû-tián sui-jiân put pí keng-tián ū la̍t, tān-sī 50 nî lâi, pe̍h-ōe jī-tián (iû-kî sī “Kam Jī-tián”) tùi Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê thoân-sêng ê kòng-hiàn, pí Ki-tok kàu-hōe ê kòng-hiàn m̄-chai ke gōa chē!
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Tī世俗方面,白話字ê文獻ùi文學到醫學攏有,但是上重要的文獻攏是字典&詞典。以福建話為主體ê一般用字詞典(也就是無包括英廈、英台詞典),上介受語言學家推尊的是杜嘉德的廈英詞典(Carstairs Do͘glas, 1873/1899)。流通上闊--ê是「甘字典」(William Campbell《廈門音新字典》, 1913)。「甘字典」內面奇奇怪怪的漢字mā chhōe會著讀音,而且細本,非常方便。另外一本查漢字讀音ê小字典是《蘭記臺語字典》(詹德卿, 1946, 1995)。Embree (1973) ê台英詞典是第一本用語言學ê觀點編ê台語詞典,不幸hit當時hông禁止tòa台灣出版&行銷,所以一般人看bē著。這本詞典tī語法分類方面下真大ê工夫,koh有記載一寡語詞ê搭配。伊另外一個特點就是有收真chē ê動植物ê名稱,但是也因為動植物ê名稱的比例siuⁿ koân,致到這本詞典ê內容略略仔失去bá-lān-sì [balance]。村上嘉英的(台日)《現代閩南語詞典》(Murakami, 1983)是一本好用ê小詞典,ta̍k個詞條mā攏有注明語法ê類別,收集ê語詞比較khah有bá-lān-sì。陳修ê《台灣話大詞典》(1991, 2002)雖然無完整,但是伊ê出版年代真近、出版地點tī咱台灣,真快買著,是目前上出名ê白話字詞典,tiāⁿ著會產生一定ê影響力。Koh有一本台中馬利諾語言中心ê新版ê《台語英語字典》(2002),詞彙豐富,但是有一個聲調符號偏離白話字,勉強會使得算是白話字詞典。Tī語文ê傳承上,字典、詞典雖然不比經典有力,但是五十年來,白話字典(尤其是「甘字典」)對白話字ê傳承ê貢獻,比基督教會ê貢獻m̄知加gōa chē! |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī ùi Tn̂g-soaⁿ kòe Tâi-oân liáu-āu, Tâi-oân piàn chò Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê tōa pún-iâⁿ. Chú-iàu ê bûn-hiàn lóng chhut tī Tâi-oân. Kiap āu (kái-giâm āu) Tâi-gí tiong-sêng-chiá phah-piàⁿ teh kiù bó-gí & Pe̍h-ōe-jī, koh ū chhut-pán chin chē sú-iōng Hàn-lô ha̍p-iōng-bûn & choân Lô-má-jī-bûn ê khan-bu̍t, kî-tiong “Tâi-bûn Thong-sìn” (1991), “Tâi-bûn Bóng-pò” (1996), “Liân-chiau-hoe” (1999) hoat-khan í-lâi m̄-bat tn̄g-kòe. Sú-iōng Hàn-lô ha̍p-iōng-bûn & choân Lô-má-jī-bûn ê bûn-ha̍k chok-phín koh chiām-chiām teh cheng-ka, chiām-chiām teh chhut-hiān keng-tián.
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白話字ùi唐山過台灣了後,台灣變做白話字ê大本營。主要ê文獻攏出tī台灣。劫後(解嚴後)台語忠誠者phah拚teh救母語&白話字,koh有出版真chē使用漢羅合用文&全羅馬字文ê刊物,其中《台文通訊》(1991)、《台文Bóng報》(1996)、《蓮蕉花》(1999)發刊以來m̄-bat斷過。使用漢羅合用文&全羅馬字文ê文學作品koh漸漸teh增加,漸漸teh出現經典。 |
Pheng-im bûn-jī ê khí-thâu, lóng sī kin-kì tong-tē ê gí-im. Se-pan-gâ sîn-hū kin-kì Ma-ní-lah ê Chiang-chiu-khiuⁿ, An-hái-khiuⁿ, Mé-lu-su̍t kin-kì Mâ-la̍k-kah ê Chiang-chiu-khiuⁿ, Táⁿ-má-jī kin-kì bó͘ chi̍t chióng Ē-mn̂g-khiuⁿ. Tû-khì Tō͘-ka-tek, bô lâng khì chù-ì kî-thaⁿ ê hong-im. Tâi-oân ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī it-ti̍t pó-siú Táⁿ-má-jī phài ê Ē-mn̂g thoân-thóng, bô hoat-tō͘ oân-choân piáu-ta̍t Tâi-oân pún-thó͘ ê te̍k-pia̍t hong-hù ê gí-im. Chiah-ê gí-im, ū ê sī chú-liû Tâi-gí pún-sin só͘ hoat-tián chhut-lâi--ê (iû-kî sī lī-sio̍k-gí, gín-á-ōe, gí-siaⁿ-sû, gí-thài-sû), ū ê sī hái-kháu-khiuⁿ, koh khah chē sī gōa-lâi-gí. Ūi tio̍h siá chiah-ê te̍k-pia̍t ê gí-im, ū su-iàu cheng-ka sin ê su-siá-hoat. Ē-bīn sī pún-bûn chok-chiá tī kòe-khì ê tù-chok í-keng sú-siōng kòe--ê.
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拼音文字ê起頭,攏是根據當地ê語音。西班牙神父根據Ma-ní-lah ê漳州腔、安海腔,Mé-lu-su̍t根據麻六甲ê漳州腔,打馬字根據某一種廈門腔。除去杜嘉德,無人去注意其他ê方音。台灣ê白話字一直保守打馬字派ê廈門傳統,無法度完全表達台灣本土ê特別豐富ê語音。Chiah-ê語音,有ê是主流台語本身所發展出來--ê (尤其是俚俗語、囡仔話、擬聲詞、擬態詞),有ê是海口腔,koh較chē是外來語。為著寫chiah-ê特別ê語音,有需要增加新ê書寫法。下面是本文作者tī過去ê著作已經使用過--ê。 |
d [Chù 2] Siá Ji̍t-pún-gí, Eng-gí téng-téng gí-giân ê [d] im. Lē: dō ‘choân im-kai tē it im’; da-lí-ah ‘tāi-lí-hoe’.
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d [註2] 寫日本語、英語等等語言ê [d]音。例:dō ‘全音階第一音’;da-lí-ah ‘大理花’。 |
f Siá Tiong-kok-gí ㄈ, siá Eng-gí téng-téng gí-giân ê [f] im. Lē: Fo-mó͘-sà ‘hok-mô͘-sa’; fá-khu-suh ‘thoân-chin’.
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f 寫中國語ㄈ,寫英語等等語言ê [f]音。例:Fo-mó͘-sà ‘福摩莎’;fá-khu-suh ‘傳真’。 |
i. Siá hái-kháu-khiuⁿ “ti” téng-téng ê goân-im, siá Tiong-kok-gí ㄗㄘㄙ téng-téng āu-piah ê goân-im, giá Eng-gí téng-téng gí-giân ê s, z téng-téng ê āu-piah “bô-siaⁿ ê goân-im”.
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i. 寫海口腔「豬」等等ê元音,寫中國語ㄗㄘㄙ等等後壁ê元音,寫英語等等語言ê s, z等等ê後壁“無聲ê元音”。 |
e. Siá hái-kháu-khiuⁿ “chē” téng-téng ê goân-im, siá Tiong-kok-gí ㄜ, siá Eng-gí er téng-téng ê goân-im.
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e. 寫海口腔「坐」等等ê元音,寫中國語ㄜ,寫英語er等等ê元音。 |
u. Siá Tiong-kok-gí ㄩ. Lē: oài-ú.『外遇』.
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u. 寫中國語ㄩ。例:oài-ú.『外遇』。 |
eng Siá chhàu-leng-tai Tâi-gí ê im, in, eng (lóng piàn chò eng), siá Tâi-oân Tiong-kok-gí iu-sè-khiuⁿ ê〡ㄣ(lóng piàn chò〡ㄥ) kap〡ㄥ, siá chiàn Tiong-kok-gí ê〡ㄥ, siá Eng-gí téng-téng gí-giân ê eng. Lē: tàn-pêng『蛋餅』; lai-á-thèng ‘siá chhut-lâi ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ; chok-phín’.
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eng 寫臭奶呆台語ê im, in, eng (攏變做eng),寫台灣中國語優勢腔ê〡ㄣ(攏變做〡ㄥ) kap〡ㄥ,寫正中國語ê〡ㄥ,寫英語等等語言ê eng。例:tàn-pêng『蛋餅』;lai-á-thèng ‘寫出來ê物件; 作品’。 |
ek Siá chhàu-leng-tai Tâi-gí ê ip, it, ek (lóng piàn chò ek), siá Eng-gí téng-téng gí-giân ê [ek] im. Lē: O-lím-pek ‘sè-kài ūn-tōng-hōe’; lo-mán-tek ‘lōng-bān’.
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ek 寫臭奶呆台語ê ip, it, ek (攏變做ek),寫英語等等語言ê [ek]音。例:O-lím-pek ‘世界運動會’;lo-mán-tek ‘浪漫’。 |
Siá chú-liû Tâi-gí pún-sin & gōa-lâi-gí ê ko-seng-tiāu ≠ tē 5 siaⁿ). Lē: phut-lut-sut ‘chin kín’; ‘leng’; ‘khí sîn-keng’.
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寫主流台語本身&外來語ê高升調≠第五聲)。例: ‘真緊’; ‘奶’; ‘起神經’。 |
Ji̍p-siaⁿ, siá Tâi-gí pún-sin & gōa-lâi-gí pì-that-im thâu-chêng ê ko-kàng-goân-tiāu, ko-pêⁿ-piàn-tiāu (≠ tē 4 siaⁿ). Lē: khì-káh ‘chin siū-khì’; kho͘-lók-sok ‘chhim-thun’; la-khiát-toh ‘kiû-poe’; tho-lák-khuh ‘hòe-chhia’.
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入聲,寫台語本身&外來語閉塞音頭前ê高降原調、高平變調(≠第四聲)。例:khì-káh ‘真受氣’;kho͘-lók-sok ‘侵吞’;la-khiát-toh ‘球poe’;tho-lák-khuh ‘貨車’。 |
^ Ji̍p-siaⁿ, siá pì-that-im thâu-chêng ê tiong-pêⁿ-piàn-tiāu (≠ tē 8 siaⁿ). Lē: ât-sá-li̍h ‘乾脆’; siôk-pháng ‘tōa-tiâu, tn̂g-tn̂g, sì-kak ê麵包’.
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^ 入聲,寫外來語閉塞音頭前ê中平變調(≠第八聲)。例:ât-sá-li̍h ‘乾脆’;siôk-pháng ‘大條、長長、四角ê麵包’。 |
Í-siōng bóe saⁿ hāng mā í-keng iōng tī Tiuⁿ Kong-jū ê “Tâi-gí-im Gōa-lâi-gí Sû-tián” (2005). Cha̍i̍h-ê cheng-ka pheng-siá-hoat ê le̍k-sú iáu chin té, jî-chhiáⁿ bōe phó͘-phiàn, m̄-koh mā-sī le̍k-sú. Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê le̍k-sú kiàn-chèng tō-sī: Pe̍h-ōe-jī ē-tàng chhiau-oa̍t Hàn-jī ê sok-pa̍k, siá Hàn-jī bô hoat-tō͘ siá ê gí-sû, khu-pia̍t Hàn-jī bô hoat-tō͘ khu-pia̍t ê gí-im, ē-tàng tī su-iàu ê sî, bô pit-iàu kái-piàn hē-thóng lâi cheng-ka sin ê pheng-siá-hoat, kè-sio̍k thoân-sêng Lô-má-jī ê thoân-thóng.
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以上尾三項mā已經用tī張光裕ê《臺語音外來語辭典》(2005)。Chiah-ê增加拼寫法ê歷史iáu真短,而且iáu未普遍,m̄過mā是歷史。白話字ê歷史見證就是:白話字會tàng超越漢字ê束縛,寫漢字無法度寫ê語詞,區別漢字無法度區別ê語音,會當tī需要ê時,無必要改變系統來增加新ê拼寫法,繼續傳承羅馬字ê傳統。 |
[Chù 1]: Pún-bûn ū chi̍t pō͘-hūn sī ùi pún-lâng ê “Pe̍h-ōe-jī Ki-pún-lūn” (Bûn-hō, 2001) tiah chhut-lâi--ê.
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[註1]:本文有一部份是ùi本人ê《白話字基本論》(文鶴, 2001)摘出來--ê。 |
[Chù 2]: Pak-bân-lâm-gí chha-put-to choân-pō͘ sit-khì [d] & [l] ê tùi-li̍p, put-kò góa tī 2003 nî hoat-kiàn chi̍t ê Hui-li̍p-pin ê Hok-kiàn-ōe ū [d] & [l] ê tùi-li̍p, phi-jû lâm-dú [lâm-lú], le̍k-liōng [le̍k-liōng], de̍k-sú [le̍k-sú].
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[註2]:北閩南語差不多全部失去[d] & [l] ê對立,不過我tī 2003年發見一個菲立賓ê福建話有[d] & [l] ê對立,譬如lâm-dú [男女],le̍k-liōng [力量],de̍k-sú [歷史]。 |