Sam-tāi(, , chòSam-tāi), í-chêng“sèⁿ” () kap“sī” () ūhun-piat, ta-po͘lângū“sī” êchheng-hō, hū-jîn-lângsīēng“sèⁿ,” “sī” thanghun-piatchun-kùipi-chiān. Chun-kùi--êū“sī,” hā-chiān--êūmiâbô“sī.” Só͘-íkó͘-chá“sèⁿ” lóngkéngkap“Lú” jīūkoan-hēêjī, chhin-chiūⁿKi, Khiong, Sū, Ūiténg. Chitê“sèⁿ” sītehchèng-bêngmn̂g-hong, hiat-thóngkapkoat-tēnghun-iniàu-kínêkin-kùIa̍h“sī” ēngchòthian-chúchu-hô͘() êkok-hō(), nā-sītùiSam-tāií-lâipiàn-chhianchòpiáu-chiongchun-kùiêlângêchheng-hō. (, , , , , , ~ ). Chóng-sīChîn-sí-hôngthunlio̍k-kokí-lâi, la̍kkokêhō͘-èsit-lo̍hinêtē-ūi, kàngchòsù-bîn(), só͘-í“sī” iāsòabô--khì; ēng“sī” chò“sèⁿ” āu-lâichiām-chiāmhūn-lōan--khì.
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三代(,,做三代),以前「姓()」kap「氏()」有分別,ta-po͘人有「氏」ê稱號,婦人人是用「姓」,「氏」thang分別尊貴卑賤。尊貴ê有「氏」,下賤ê有名無「氏」。所以古早「姓」lóng揀kap「女」字有關係ê字,親像姬,姜,姒,媯等。Chit-ê「姓」是teh證明門風,血統kap決定婚姻要緊ê根據亦「是」用做天子諸侯() ê國號(),若是對三代以來變遷做表彰尊貴ê人ê稱號。(,,,,,,~ )。總是秦始皇吞六國以來,六國ê後裔失落in ê地位,降做庶民(),所以「氏」也續無去;用「氏」做「姓」後來漸漸混亂去。
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Pe̍h-hó͘-thong() kóngm̄-thangchhōasiāng-sèⁿ--ê. Chhōasiāng-sèⁿ, chi̍tkoksiānghoeh-me̍h, kàubóebôkiáⁿ-sun.” (() , ). Chó-tōan() iākóng, “Lâm-lúsiāng-sèⁿ, kiáⁿ-sunbēheng-ōng” (, )Si̍t-chāitùiChiu-tiâuêlé-gîchiūsiāng-sèⁿbôkè-chhōa(, ). M̄-nāsiāng-sèⁿ, iáuūsím-mi̍hkiò-chòpòaⁿ-pêngchhù-lāi, chiūkúi-nāsèⁿkóngsīsiāngchó͘-sian, chhin-chhiūⁿChiu, So͘, Liân(Chiu, 蘇, 連), á-sīTân, Ô͘, Iâu (陳, 胡, ), á-sī Chhî, Î, Siâ, Thô͘, (徐, 余, 佘, 涂)téng, lóng sīsiâng chó͘-sian, só͘-í bē sái tit kè-chhōa. Phì-jū Tân, Ô͘, Iâu gôan-lâi sīsiāng-chó͘, pêⁿ-pêⁿ sī Sùn-tè () êhō͘-è, iā hit ê koan-hē sī án-ni: Iâu (姚) Sùn-tè sèⁿ “Iâu,” miâ Tiōng-hôa (重華). Ô͘ (胡) Iông(庸, ) chiongtōacha-bó͘-kiáⁿTāi-ki(大姬) phòe Ô͘ kong (胡公) (, “” ” ) Tân() āu-lâiChiu-tiâuBú-ôngūhongSùnêhō͘-è, Ô͘Kong-bóantīTîn() kok, Ô͘kong-bóanêkiáⁿ-sunsòaēngkokchòesèⁿ(“, ” ~ ). In-ūián-ni, nāchiàuchāi-lâiêkòan-lē, Tân, Ô͘, Iâusaⁿjīsèⁿbēēng-titkè-chhōa, kî-ûChhî, Î, Siâ, Thô͘téng, iābēsái-titkè-chhōa.
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白虎通()講m̄-thang娶siāng姓ê。娶siāng姓,一國siāng血脈,到尾無囝孫。」((),)。左傳()也講,「男女siāng姓,囝孫bē興旺」(,)實在對周朝ê禮儀就siāng姓無嫁娶(,)。M̄-nā siāng姓,iáu有甚麼叫做半爿厝內,就kúi-nā姓講是siāng祖先,親像周,蘇,連,抑是陳,胡,姚,抑是徐,余,佘,涂等,是siâng祖先,所以bē使得嫁娶。譬喻陳,胡,姚原來是siāng祖,平平是舜帝(Sùn-tè) ê後裔,也hit-ê關係是按呢:姚(Iâu)姓「姚」,名重華(Tiōng-hôa)。胡(Ô͘)庸(Iông,)將大查某囝大姬配胡公(,「」」)陳()後來周朝武王有封舜ê後裔,胡公滿tī陳()國,胡公滿ê囝孫續用國做姓(「,」~ )。因為按呢,若照在來ê慣例,陳,胡,姚三字姓bē用得嫁娶,其餘徐,余,佘,涂等,也bē使得嫁娶。
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Put-kòsiāng-sèⁿbôkè-chhōasībehhong-chíkīn-chhinkiat-hun. Chóng-sīchitêsūbēthiat-té, in-ūisèⁿēpiàn-tōng, chhin-chhiūⁿpunkiáⁿ, ū-sîpunpa̍tsèⁿêgín-áchia̍hlánêsèⁿ, á-sīhō͘lângchio, seⁿkiáⁿtio̍hchia̍hgōa-keêsèⁿ, iāūin-ūigōa-kebôta-po͘-teng, só͘-ícha-bó͘-kiáⁿkè-chhut, iáu-kúseⁿkiáⁿtio̍hūchi̍têlâiténggōa-ke, chiū-sīchia̍hgōa-keêsèⁿ. Só͘-ípiáu-bīn-siōngbôsiāngsèⁿ, khêngchinsiāng-sèⁿ--êchin-chē. Kohsiāng-sèⁿbôkiat-chhin, nā-sīhong-chíkīn-chhinkiat-hun, góasiūⁿko-piáu, á-sīî-piáukanêkiat-chhin, sīpísiāng-sèⁿê3téng-chhiniáukhahchhin, sīkoh-khahm̄-thang.
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不過siāng姓無嫁娶是beh防止近親結婚。總是chit-ê事bē徹底,因為姓會變動,親像分囝,有時分別姓ê gín-á食咱ê姓,抑是hō͘人招,生囝著食外家ê姓,也有因為外家無ta-po͘丁,所以查某囝嫁出,iáu-kú生囝著有一個來頂外家,就是食外家ê姓。所以表面上無siāng姓,窮真siāng姓ê真濟。Koh siāng姓無結親,若是防止近親結婚,我想姑表,抑是姨表牽ê結親,是比siāng姓ê 3等親iáu khah親,是koh-khah m̄-thang。
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TaⁿChó-tōan() ūkóng-khíkīn-chhinkiat-hunēkhahbēseⁿ-thòaⁿ(, ). ChitêsūtùiÛi-thôan-ha̍k() lâikóng, bôkin-kù, sui-jiânTa̍t-ní-bûn() batkóng, “Nākú-tn̂gkè-sio̍kkīn-chhinkiat-hun, chiūchhin-chhiūⁿsè-kanit-poaⁿsó͘sìnēkiám-chióiêtōa, thé-le̍kkapseⁿ-thòaⁿ, sīm-chìēchiâⁿ-chòkî-hêngêgôan-in.” Nā-sīāu-lâikeng-kòechē-chēchoan-bûnha̍k-chiáêkhó-chhat, gián-kiùêkiat-kó, pèngbôchithōsū-si̍t(A.Thomson: , P.409~ ).
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Taⁿ左傳()有講起近親結婚ē khah bē生湠(,)。Chit-ê事對遺傳學()來講,無根據,雖然達爾文()bat講,「若久長繼續近親結婚,就親像世間一般所信ē減少伊ê大,體力kap生湠,甚至會成做畸形ê原因。」若是後來經過濟濟專門學者ê考察,研究ê結果,並無chit號事實(A.Thomson:,P.409~ )。
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Chiàuiu-seng-ha̍k(jîn-chéngkái-liông-ha̍k, Eu-genics) êkiat-lūn: lângêhêng-théêpiàn-hòaá-sīpēⁿ-teksèng-chit, á-sīcheng-sîn-teksèng-chitêûi-thôan, hitêiu-sèng() kaploat-sèng() êkoan-hē, khak-si̍tlóngchiàuBēng-tek-ní() êhoat-chek() êkiat-kó. Bēng-tek-nísībo̍k-su, 1822nîchhut-sì, 1843nîchòbo̍k-su, tùi1856nîkhí10nîkútīlé-pài-tn̂gêhoe-hn̂ggián-kiùsi̍t-bu̍têcha̍p-chèng. 1865nîchiongisó͘gián-kiùêkiat-kóhoat-piáutīPò͘-liông() êPhok-bu̍t-ha̍khōe-pò(), khó-siohbôlângtehchù-ì. 1884nîkòe-sin. Nā-sīigián-kiùêkè-ta̍tkàu1990nîchiahtit-tio̍hsè-kàiêtiōng-sī, phó͘-thongchheng-chò“Bēng-tek-níha̍k-soat” () á-sī“Bēng-tek-níhoat-chek” (” s).
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照優生學(人種改良學,Eugenics) ê結論:人ê形體ê變化抑是病tek性質,抑是精神的性質ê遺傳,hit-ê優性() kap劣性() ê關係,確實lóng照孟德爾() ê法則() ê結果。孟德爾是牧師,1822年出世,1843年做牧師,對1856年起10年久tī禮拜堂ê花園研究植物ê雜種。1865年將伊所研究ê結果發表tī布龍() ê博物學會報(),可惜無人teh注意。1884年過身。若是伊研究ê價值到1990年才得著世界ê重視,普通稱做「孟德爾學說」()抑是「孟德爾法則」(” s )。
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1.Cha̍p-chéngū“iu-sèng” () AA. “loat-sèng” () aaêhiān-siōng, só͘sêng-siūêûi-thôanin-chú() pípa̍têin-chú() khahiu-sèng, chiū-sīchhin-chhiūⁿtóchi̍tpêngêsī-tōa-lâng~ sênglāu-pē, ásênglāu-bó~ chiū-sīiu-sèngkhahiâⁿloat-sèng, ūhián-chhutêhêng-chit, hiān-chāi-sèng(現在性) sīiu-sèngbôhián-chhutêhêng-chit, chiâm-chāi-sèng() chiū-sīloat-sèng.
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1.雜種有「優性」() AA。「劣性」() aa ê現象,所承受ê遺傳因子()比別ê因子() khah優勝,就是親像tó一爿ê序大人~ 成老父,仔成老母~ 就是優性khah贏劣性,有顯出ê形質,現在性()是「優性」,無顯出ê形質,潛在性()就是「劣性」。
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2.Cha̍p-chéngêtē2tāi(F2) ēchhut-hiāntē1tāi(F1) só͘chiâm-chāi--ê, hun-līpē-bó(P) êhêng-chit, chiàuit-tēngêsò͘chiâⁿ-chòhiān-chāi-sèng(iu3: loat1).
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2.雜種ê第2代(F2)會出現第1代(F1)所潛在ê,分離父母(P) ê形質,照一定ê數成做現在性(優3:劣1)。
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3.Nāiu-sèngAAAA=AA, sītēitsûn-chūiêiu-sèng.
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3.若優性AA×AA=AA,是第一純粹ê優性。
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Loat-sèngaaaa, sītēitsûn-chūiêloat-sèng.
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「劣性」aa×aa,是第一純粹ê「劣性」。
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Chóng-sīAA × aa – AaA(a). Hitêtēng-lu̍tsī(Aa)2AA2Aa + aa, A(a) × A(a) =AA2A (a) + aa, (âng) × (âng) =ângângpe̍hpe̍h
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總是AA×aa=Aa A(a)。Hit-ê定律是(A+a)2=AA+2Aa+aa,A(a)×A(a)=AA+2A(a)+aa,(紅)×(紅)=紅紅白白
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Ań-ni gōa-koan-siōngkiān-chôanêkīn-chhinkiat-hun, kiat-kóēseⁿchhutêputkiān-chôan--ê, 24êcha̍p-chéng(gōa-koan-siōngkiān-chôan--ê), chí-ūêkiān-chôan--ê.
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按呢外觀上健全ê近親結婚,結果會生出¼ ê不健全ê,2/4 ê雜種(外觀上健全ê),只有¼ ê健全ê。
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4.Kúihāngûi-thôanêlē
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4.幾項遺傳ê例
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a) Bôsio̍ktīphòa-pēⁿ--ê
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a)無屬tī破病ê
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Thâu-mn̂g: Khiû, o͘, sīiu-sèngAA.
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頭毛:Khiû,烏,是「優性」AA。
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Ti̍t, âng, sīloat-sèngaa.
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直,紅,是「劣性」aa。
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Phôe-hu: Sek-sò͘chē, o͘, sīiu-sèngAA
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皮膚:色素濟,烏,是「優性」AA
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Sek-sò͘chió, pe̍h, sīloat-sèngaa.
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色素少,白,是「劣性」aa。
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b) Kî-hêngêûi-thôan
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b)畸形ê遺傳
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Chńg-thâu-áliâmchò-hóe, khahchēkichńg-thâu-á(11cháiⁿténg), tùigâulâukōaⁿtì-kàubôthâu-mn̂g, khi̍hchhùiténg, lóngsīiu-sèngAA. Phó͘-thong--êsīloat-sèngaa.
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指頭仔黏作伙,khah濟支指頭仔(11指等),對gâu流汗致到無頭毛,khi̍h嘴等,lóng是「優性」AA。普通ê是「劣性」aa。
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) Phòa-pēⁿêûi-thôan
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)破病ê遺傳
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Thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ, pe̍hlāi-chiàng, le̍klāi-chiàng, ke-á-ba̍k, sek-bông, bó͘chéngêsîn-kengpēⁿ, lóngsīiu-sèngAA.
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糖尿病,白內障,綠內障,雞仔目,色盲,某種ê神經病,lóng是優性AA。
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Iûⁿ-hîn(ti-bótian), cheng-sînpo̍k-jio̍kténg, sīloat-sèngaa.
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羊癇(豬母癲),精神薄弱等,是「劣性」aa。
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5.Hóûi-thôanêka-phó͘
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5.好遺傳ê家譜
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Ài-hôa-tek(Jonathan) êka-phó͘, kàuA. . 1900nîiêkiáⁿ-sunchóng-sò͘1394lângêtiong-kan: Tāi-ha̍kpit-gia̍p259chòetōaha̍k-hōehōe-tiúⁿ13, tāi-ha̍kkàu-siū65, chhut-miâêi-seng60, thôan-kàu-su, sîn-ha̍kkàu-siū100, lio̍khái-kunêsū-koaⁿ75, chhut-miâêbûn-sū, kì-chiá60~ ūkè-ta̍têtù-chok135chéng, tiōng-iàuêcha̍p-chì18chéng,~ hoat-lu̍t-ka100, phòaⁿ-koaⁿ30, kong-kiōngsū-gia̍p-chiá80, séng-tiúⁿ10, gôan-ló-īⁿêgī-ôan3, húchóng-thóngchi̍tlâng.
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愛華德(Jonathan) ê家譜,到A. . 1900年伊ê囝孫總數1394人ê中間:大學畢業259,最大學會會長13,大學教授65,出名ê醫生60,傳教師,神學教授100,陸海軍ê士官75,出名ê文事,記者60~ 有價值ê著作135種,重要ê雜誌18種,~ 法律家100,判官30,公共事業者80,省長10,元老院ê議員3,副總統一人。
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6.Ok-chitêûi-thôan
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6.惡質ê遺傳
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Chu-khek(Jo͘k) êka-phó͘. Isīchi̍têthó-hîlâng, pîn-tōaⁿkohhòng-chhiòng(A. . 1720nîchhut-sì), ū5êcha-bó͘-kiáⁿ, keng-kòe5tāi, kiáⁿ-sunkiōng1400lâng(kî-tiong200lângsīgōa-lânglâikapinkiat-hun--ê). Tiong-kan: Iáu-chiatê300, kî-û900lângtiong, hòng-tōng--ê310, tio̍hsiūióng-io̍k-īⁿchiàu-liāupīⁿ-jio̍k-chiá440, tāng-chōehōan130, chòchha̍t--ê60, thâilâng--ê7, hū-jîn-lângchi̍tpòaⁿí-siōngchòchhiong-ki.
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朱克(Jo͘k) ê家譜。伊是一個討魚人,貧惰koh放縱(A. . 1720年出世),有5 ê查某囝,經過5代,囝孫共1400人(其中200人是外人來kap in結婚ê)。中間:夭折ê 300,其餘900人中,放蕩ê 310,著受養育院照料病弱者440,重罪犯130,做賊ê 60,刣人ê 7,婦人人一半以上做娼妓。
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Taⁿlánchailângm̄-sītōng-bu̍tási̍t-bu̍t, bēthangôan-chôanhun-līiu-sèngkaploat-sèng, só͘-íkīn-chhinkiat-hunchinm̄-hóSiat-súnākhak-si̍tūchinhóêtan-ūisèng-chitêsè-hē, chiūkīn-chhinkiat-hunsīchinhó. Chóng-sīnāūpēⁿ-tektan-ūisèng-chit, sui-jiântongsū-chiánn̄glânggōa-koan-siōngkiān-chôan, chiàuténg-bīnêhoat-chekA(a) × A(a) =AA2A (a) + aa, kapsi̍tlē, chiūm̄-thangkīn-chhinkiat-hun.
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Taⁿ咱知人m̄是動物仔植物,bē-thang完全分離優性kap劣性,所以近親結婚真m̄好,設使若確實有真好ê單位性質ê世系,就近親結婚是真好。總是若有病的單位性質,雖然當事者兩人外觀上健全,照頂面ê法則A(a)×A(a)=AA+2A(a)+aa,kap實例,就m̄-thang近親結婚。
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Ań-ni hun-inêkin-púntiâu-kiāⁿput-chāisiāngsèⁿábôsiāngsèⁿ, iàu-kínsītio̍htiâu-chasè-hē, khak-tēngtan-ūisèng-chit() chiū-sīûi-thôanin-chúChóng-sīsiā-hōe-siōng, lûn-lí-siōng, siāngsèⁿbôkiat-hunsīthanghông-chílōan-lûn().
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按呢婚姻ê根本條件不在siāng姓仔無siāng姓,要緊是著調查世系,確定單位性質()就是遺傳因子,總是社會上,倫理上,siāng姓無結婚是thang防止亂倫()。
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